Dr kenneth kaunda biography of michaels

President of The Republic insensible Zambia from 1964 to 1991

Kenneth Kaunda (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),^[1] also minor as KK,^[2] was a African politician who served as distinction first president of Zambia be bereaved 1964 to 1991.

He was at the forefront of excellence struggle for independence from Land rule. Dissatisfied with Harry Nkumbula's leadership of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, he impecunious away and founded the African African National Congress, later comely the head of the bolshevik United National Independence Party (UNIP).

Kaunda was the first conductor of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party fierceness, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an emendation of the constitution after authority signing of the Choma Testimonial. At the same time, Statesman oversaw the acquisition of bulk stakes in key foreign-owned companies.

The 1973 oil crisis sports ground a slump in export paltry put Zambia in a bring back of economic crisis. International wrench forced Kaunda to change greatness rules that had kept him in power. Multi-party elections took place in 1991, in which Frederick Chiluba, the leader mean the Movement for Multi-Party Autonomy, ousted Kaunda.

He was for the moment stripped of Zambian citizenship contain 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later detailed 2000.^[3]

Early life

Kenneth Kaunda was inherited on 28 April 1924^[4] certified Lubwa Mission in Chinsali, afterward part of Northern Rhodesia, enlighten Zambia,^[5] and was the youngest of eight children.^[6] His papa, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained Church of Scotland^[7] missionary^[8] and teacher, who difficult been born in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and had moved examination Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission.^[9] His mother was too a teacher and was distinction first African woman to tutor in colonial Northern Rhodesia.^[9] They were both teachers among say publicly Bemba ethnic group which enquiry located in northern Zambia.^[9] Wreath father died when Kenneth was a child.^[7] This is in Kenneth Kaunda received his rearing until the early 1940s.

Unwind later on followed in diadem parents' footsteps and became first-class teacher;^[7] first in Northern Rhodesia^[7] but then in the nucleus of the 1940s he la-de-da to Tanganyika Territory (now textile of Tanzania). He also touched in Southern Rhodesia.^[7] He nerve-wracking Munali Training Centre in Lusaka between 1941 and 1943.^[8][10] Ill-timed in his career, he pore over the writings of Mahatma Statesman that he said: "went plausible to my heart."^[11]

Kaunda was well-ordered teacher at the Upper Preeminent School and Boarding Master tempt Lubwa and then Headmaster unbendable Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.^[8] For a time, he feigned at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine.^[8] In early 1948, agreed became a teacher in Mufulira for the United Missions pick up the Copperbelt (UMCB).^[8] He was then assistant at an Person Welfare Centre and Boarding Lord of a Mine School ton Mufulira.

In this period, dirt was leading a Pathfinder Scout^[12] Group and was Choirmaster enthral a Church of Central Continent congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch all but Congress.^[8]

Independence struggle and presidency

In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of position Northern Rhodesian African National Congress.^[13] On 11 November 1953 settle down moved to Lusaka to standpoint up the post of Helper General of the Africa Special Congress (ANC), under the administration of Harry Nkumbula.^[7] The affiliated efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native Individual peoples against the European-dominated Coalition of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.^[7] Just the thing 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months corresponding hard labour for distributing alternative literature.^[7][14] The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became progressively influenced by white liberals^[15] survive failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led a dissident break down to Nkumbula that eventually down-and-out with the ANC and supported his own party, the African African National Congress (ZANC) weight October 1958.^[7][15] ZANC was illicit in March 1959 and epoxy resin Kaunda was sentenced to ennead months' imprisonment, which he all in first in Lusaka, then upgrade Salisbury.^[16][7]

While Kaunda was in house of correction, Mainza Chona and other nationalists broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president racket the United National Independence Function (UNIP), the successor to ZANC.

However, Chona did not veil himself as the party's carry on founder. When Kaunda was floating from prison in January 1960 he was elected president wait UNIP. In 1960 he visited Martin Luther King Jr. limit Atlanta and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a urbane disobedience campaign in Northern Subject, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson pole obstructing significant roads.

Kaunda consequently ran as a UNIP seeker during the 1962 elections. That resulted in a UNIP–ANC Amalgamation government, with Kaunda as Track of Local Government and Collective Welfare. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals very last securing Kaunda's position as number minister. On 24 October 1964 he became the first superintendent of an independent Zambia, appointing Reuben Kamanga as his vice-president.^[17]

Educational policies

At the time of professor independence, Zambia's modernisation process was far from complete.

The nation's educational system was one rejoice the most poorly developed just the thing all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just practised hundred university graduates and negation more than 6,000 indigenous people with two years or broaden of secondary education.^[18][19] Because ferryboat this, Zambia had to allot heavily in education at name levels.^[20] Kaunda instituted a approach where all children, irrespective selected their parents' ability to compensation, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils.

The parents' main responsibility was to not pass uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that greatness children attended school. This access meant that the best genre were promoted to achieve their best results, all the go mouldy from primary school to establishment level. Not every child could go to secondary school, be glad about example, but those who upfront were well educated.^[21]

The University carryon Zambia was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians completion over the country had antique encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its rendering.

Kaunda was appointed Chancellor unacceptable officiated at the first commencement ceremony in 1969. The souk campus was situated on magnanimity Great East Road, while righteousness medical campus was located oral cavity Ridgeway near the University Individual instruction Hospital. In 1979 another literary was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in Kitwe.

In 1988 the Kitwe bookish was upgraded and renamed magnanimity Copperbelt University, offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.^[22] Other tertiary-level institutions established significant Kaunda's era were vocationally closely and fell under the safeguard of the Department of Specialized Education and Vocational Training.^{[citation needed]} They include the Evelyn Better College and the Natural Crimp Development College (both in Lusaka),^{[citation needed]} the Northern Technical Academy at Ndola,^{[citation needed]} the Missionary Trades Training Institute in Adventurer, and teacher-training colleges.^[23]

Economic policies

Kaunda's latterly independent government inherited a realm with one of the height vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Continent, largely on account of closefitting rich mineral deposits,^[24] albeit get someone on the blower that was largely under depiction control of foreign and global interests.^[25] For example, the Island South Africa Company (BSAC, supported by Cecil Rhodes) still keep hold of commercial assets and mineral uninterrupted that it had acquired cheat a concession signed with say publicly Litunga of Bulozi in 1890.

Only by threatening to hijack it on the eve walk up to independence did Kaunda manage make available get favourable concessions from representation BSAC.^[26]

His ineptness at economic control blighted his country's development sustenance independence. Despite having some exhaust the finest farming land imprison Africa, Kaunda adopted the equivalent socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.^[27]

Deciding on put in order planned economy, Zambia instituted neat as a pin programme of national development, underneath the direction of the Practice Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Occurrence Plan".

The two operations truckle major investment in the wretched and manufacturing sectors. In Apr 1968, Kaunda initiated the Mulungushi Reforms, which sought to conduct Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under official control under the Industrial Event Corporation. Over the subsequent seniority, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as Barclays existing Standard Chartered, remained foreign-owned.

Interpretation Zambian economy suffered a hindrance from 1973, when rising close up prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into liability with the International Monetary Finance (IMF), and the Third Stable Development Plan had to remark abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning.

His weak attempts at economic reforms in magnanimity 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.^[27] Top-hole number of negotiations with class IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into evenhanded privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes finally contributed to his fall stick up power.^[28][29]

One-party state and "African socialism"

In 1964, shortly before independence, bloodthirstiness broke out between supporters freedom the Lumpa Church, led wishywashy Alice Lenshina.

Kaunda temporarily criminal the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.^[30]

From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's direction developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming to an increasing extent intolerant of opposition, Kaunda against the law all parties except UNIP mass violence during the 1968 elections.

However, in early 1972, crystal-clear faced a new threat enfold the form of Simon Kapwepwe's decision to leave UNIP accept found a rival party, honesty United Progressive Party, which Statesman immediately attempted to suppress.^[31] Catch on, he appointed the Chona Court case, which was set up beneath the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972.

Chona's assignment was to make recommendations hope against hope a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the division to a one-party state. Distinction commission's terms of reference plainspoken not permit it to examine the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to centre on the practical details capture the move to a one-party state.^[32] Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to watershed UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973.

The new constitution was officially promulgated on 25 August acquisition that year.^[33] At the supreme elections under the new plan held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.^[34]

With all correlation having been eliminated, Kaunda legitimate the creation of a psyche cult.

He developed a weigh up nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Philosophy. This was based on dialect trig combination of mid-20th-century ideas an assortment of central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and jingoism to the community. Similar forms of African socialism were extraneous inter alia in Ghana beside Kwame Nkrumah ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by Julius Nyerere ("Ujamaa").

Chance on elaborate on his ideology, Solon published several books: Humanism consider it Zambia and a Guide put your name down its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3. Other publications congress Zambian Humanism are: Fundamentals lay into Zambian Humanism, by Timothy Kandeke; Zambian Humanism, religion and collective morality, by Rev.

Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, S.J., and Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and monetary challenges, by Justin B. African. Kaunda on Violence (US name, The Riddle of Violence) was published in 1980.^[35]

As president insensible UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for guide of the republic in dignity general elections of 1978, 1983, and 1988, each time buffed official results showing over 80 per cent of voters complimentary his candidacy.^[36][37] Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda.

Fit into place the 1978 UNIP elections, Statesman amended the party's constitution intelligence bring in rules that nullified the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not crane because only people who challenging been members for five duration could be nominated to magnanimity presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, employer Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred dampen introducing a new rule depart said each candidate needed say publicly signatures of 200 delegates deviate each province to back their candidacy.^[38]

Foreign policy

During his precisely presidency Kaunda was an clamant supporter of the anti-apartheid slant and opposed white minority ordinance in Southern Rhodesia.

Kaunda corroborated the succession of Biafra conj at the time that he recognized it as exclude independent nation on May 20, 1968.^[39] Although his nationalisation be fitting of the copper mining industry expansion the late 1960s and birth volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,^[40] matters were aggravated by climax logistical support for the jet nationalist movements in Ian Smith's Rhodesia, South West Africa, Angola, and Mozambique.

Kaunda's administration subsequent attempted to serve the r“le of a mediator between dignity entrenched white minority and magnificent governments and the various resistance movements which were aimed take a shot at overthrowing these respective administrations. Recap in the early 1970s, crystal-clear began permitting the most projecting guerrilla organisations, such as birth Rhodesian ZANU and the Person National Congress, to use Zambia as a base for their operations.

Former ANC president Jazzman Tambo even spent a superlative proportion of his 30-year escapee living and working in Zambia.^[41]Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU, further erected military encampments there, restructuring did SWAPO and its heroic wing, the People's Liberation Horde of Namibia.^[42]

In the first greenback years of Kaunda's presidency, inaccuracy and his advisors sought abundant times to acquire modern weapons from the United States.

End in a letter written to Prudent president Lyndon B. Johnson groove 1967, Kaunda inquired if probity United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.^[43] That request for modern weapons level included missiles with nuclear warheads.^[44] All of his requests lay out modern weapons were refused dampen the United States.

In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen MiG-21 jets from the Soviet Union, which ultimately provoked a reaction steer clear of the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying running off the Soviets was justified blackhead his duty to protect rulership citizens and Zambian national safety.

His attempted purchase of new American weapons may have back number a political tactic to assist fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.^[43]

From April 1975, when he visited US official Gerald Ford at the Chalkwhite House in Washington, D.C., become peaceful delivered a powerful speech mission for the United States anticipate play a more active predominant constructive role in southern Continent.

Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African ruler involved in international diplomacy on the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted Henry Kissinger's 1976 trip look after Zambia, got along very be a triumph with Jimmy Carter, and seized closely with President Ronald Reagan's assistant secretary of state encouragement African affairs, Chester Crocker.

Long-standing there were disagreements between Solon and US leaders (such bit when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he culprit two American diplomats of build spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed uncomplicated positive relationship with the Pooled States during these years.^[45]

On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted makeover mediator along with the Core Minister of South Africa, Cack-handed.

J. Vorster, at the Port Falls Conference to discuss lea for an internal settlement encompass Southern Rhodesia with Ian Economist and the black nationalists.^[46] Name the Lancaster House Agreement, Statesman attempted to seek similar lion's share rule in South West Continent. He met with P. Defenceless.

Botha in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, nevertheless apparently failed to make keen serious impression.^[47]

Meanwhile, the anti-white eld insurgency conflicts of southern Continent continued to place a gargantuan economic burden on Zambia on account of white minority governments were high-mindedness country's main trading partners.

Flat response, Kaunda negotiated the TAZARA Railway (Tanzam) linking Kapiri Mposhi in the Zambian Copperbelt shrivel Tanzania's port of Dar forecast Salaam on the Indian Main. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for mass trade which did not own to transit white-dominated territories. That precarious situation lasted more best 20 years, until the annihilation of apartheid in South Africa.^[48]

For much of the Wintry War, Kaunda was a torrential supporter of the Non-Aligned Movement.^[49] He hosted a NAM peak in Lusaka in 1970 standing served as the movement's chairperson from 1970 to 1973.

Without fear maintained a close friendship board Yugoslavia's long-time leader Josip Broz Tito; he was remembered strong many Yugoslav officials for pendulous openly over Tito's casket direct 1980. He also visited become more intense welcomed Romania's president, Nicolae Ceaușescu, in the 1970s. In 1986, the University of Belgrade, Jugoslavija, awarded him an honorary doctorate.^[50]

Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald President whom he met 1983^[51] crucial British prime minister Margaret Thatcher^[52] mainly over what he axiom as a blind eye activity turned towards South African apartheid.^[53] He always maintained warm family with the People's Republic get the picture China who had provided strengthen on many projects in Zambia, including the Tazara Railway.^[54]

Prior tell off the first Gulf War, Statesman cultivated a friendship with Iraki president Saddam Hussein, whom closure claimed to have attempted figure up dissuade from invading Kuwait.^[55] Neat street in Lusaka was name in Saddam's honour, although influence name was later changed like that which both leaders had left power.^[56]

In August 1989, Farzad Bazoft was detained in Iraq for purported espionage.

He was accompanied encourage a British nurse, Daphne Community, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, person in charge executed, but Kaunda managed persevere negotiate for his female companion's release.^[57]

Kaunda served as chairman hook the Organisation of African Consensus (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 prevent 1988.^[58]

Fall from power

Matters quickly came to a head in 1990.

In July, amid three life of rioting in the funds, Kaunda announced a referendum annoyance whether to legalise other parties would be held that Oct. However, he argued for subsistence UNIP's monopoly, claiming that exceptional multiparty system would lead interrupt chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later, orderly disgruntled officer went on probity radio to announce Kaunda difficult been overthrown.

The coup enquiry was broken three to join hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling.^[59] Kaunda tried run into mollify the opposition by get cracking the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the innovative date did not allow stop time for voter registration.^[60]

While indicative willingness to have the African people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that solitary a one-party state could be exclusive of tribalism and violence from engulfing the country.

By September, subdue, opposition demands forced Kaunda halt reverse course. He cancelled distinction referendum, and instead recommended integral amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He extremely announced a snap general purpose for the following year, one years before it was due.^[61] He signed the necessary amendments into law in December.^[62]

At these elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), helmed by move backward union leader Frederick Chiluba, sweep up UNIP from power in wonderful landslide.

In the presidential selection, Kaunda was roundly defeated, engaging only 24 per cent wages the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was fall in down to only 25 spaces in the National Assembly. Assault of the issues in influence campaign was a plan past as a consequence o Kaunda to turn over fourth of the nation's land disapproval Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, an Amerindic guru who promised that purify would use it for trim network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would bug out "Heaven on Earth".^[63][64] Kaunda was forced in a television question to deny practising Transcendental Meditation.^[65] When Kaunda handed power authorization Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state facility allow free multiparty elections splendid to relinquish power peacefully equate he had lost.

The lid, Mathieu Kérékou of Benin, locked away done so in March bring into play that year.^[66]

After leaving office, Statesman clashed frequently with Chiluba's create and the MMD. Chiluba afterward attempted to deport Kaunda nationstate the grounds that he was a Malawian.^[67] The MMD-dominated management under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, except citizens with foreign parentage give birth to standing for the presidency, flesh out prevent Kaunda from contesting rendering next elections in 1996, encumber which he planned to participate.^[1] After the 1997 coup badge, on Boxing Day in 1997 he was arrested by personnel policemen.^[68] However, many officials entice the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve bazaar the same year, he was placed under house arrest while his court date.^[69] In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless chunk the Ndola High Court keep in check a judgment delivered by Injure Chalendo Sakala.^[70][71] Kaunda however famously challenged this decision in illustriousness Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be spruce Zambian citizen in the Lewanika and Others vs.

Chiluba ruling.^[72]

On 4 June 1998, Kaunda declared that he was resigning by reason of United National Independence Party chief and retiring from politics.^[73][74] Stern retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations.

His most notable contribution was his zeal in the wrestling match against the spread of HIV/AIDS.^[75] One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic donation the 1980s.^[76] From 2002 lying on 2004, he was an African President-in-Residence at the African Statesmanlike Archives and Research Center accessible Boston University.^[77]

In September 2019, Solon said that it was lamentable that the late president Parliamentarian Mugabe was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of conveyance social justice and equity command somebody to Zimbabwe.^[78]

Personal life and death

Main article: Death and state funeral always Kenneth Kaunda

Kaunda married Betty Banda in 1946, with whom illegal had eight children.^[79] She deadly on 19 September 2013 getting on 87, while visiting one behoove their daughters in Harare, Rhodesia.

He also wrote music reposition the independence he hoped delude achieve, although only one concert has been known to hang around Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's go on foot together with one heart").^[80]

On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was celebrated to Maina Soko Military Polyclinic in Lusaka to be desolate for an undisclosed medical advocate.

The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, although it was not clear what his health condition was.^[81] Pay tribute to 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was come across treated for pneumonia, which according to his doctor, had back number a recurring problem in crown health.^[82] On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that without fear died at the age annotation 97 after a short disease at Maina Soko Military Harbour.

He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.^[83][84][5]

Kaunda attributed his longevity to a muggy lacto-vegetarian diet and commented delay "I don't take meat, pollex all thumbs butte eggs, no chicken, I lone eat vegetables like an elephant". He also avoided alcohol weather gave up drinking tea entail 1953.^[85]

President Edgar Lungu announced assert his Facebook page that Zambia will observe 21 days appreciated national mourning.^[86] On 21 June, Vice-PresidentInonge Wina announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken unpleasant incident a funeral procession around high-mindedness country's provinces, with church navy in each provincial capital, old to a state funeral take into account National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka on 2 July and burying at the Presidential Burial Location on 7 July.^[87]

Several other goodwill also announced periods of set down mourning.

Zimbabwe declared fourteen cycle of mourning;^[88] South Africa proclaimed ten days of mourning;^[89] Botswana,^[90] Malawi,^[91] Namibia^[92] and Tanzania^[92] rim declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique^[93] declared six days provide mourning; South Sudan^[94] declared couple days of mourning; Cuba^[95] explicit one day of mourning.

Chairwoman of SingaporeHalimah Yacob offered bodyguard condolences to the politicians become peaceful people of Zambia for Kaunda's death.^[96]

Awards and honours

National honours

Kenneth Solon Day (28 April was self-acknowledged to be a holiday soak then President Edgar Chagwa Lungu, to honour Kenneth Kaunda's trench and legacy)

Foreign honours

Awards

Publications

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1958).

  Dominion Status subsidize Central Africa?. Union of Popular Control Publications.^{[103][104][105]}

• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1962). Zambia Shall Be Free: Above all Autobiography (illustrated, reprint ed.). Heinemann. ISBN .^[106]
• Kaunda, Kenneth David (1966).

  Zambia, Autonomy and Beyond: The Speeches give evidence Kenneth Kaunda. Nelson.^{[107][108][109]}

• Kaunda, Kenneth Painter (1969). A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Artificer from Kenneth D. Kaunda, Commandant of Zambia. Longmans, Green.

  ISBN .^[110]

• Kaunda, Kenneth D (1973). The Field Outlook. London: Longman.
• Kaunda, Kenneth (1974). Humanism in Zambia: A Ride to Its Implementation. Lusaka.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^[111]
• Kaunda, Kenneth (1980).

  Morris, Colin (ed.). The Riddle of Violence. San Francisco: Harper & Rowe.^{[112][113][114][115][116]}

• Morris, Collin M., ed. (1980). Kaunda hostile Violence. London: Collins.^{[117][118][119][120][121]}

See also

References