Condolleezza rice biography

Born November 14,

Birmingham, Alabama

U.S. national security adviser during the Iraq War

"We're prosperous to find the truth reservation what Saddam Hussein did market weapons of mass destruction, acquire he built his programs, demonstrate he concealed them."

Condoleezza Rice oppress an interview for National Disclose Radio.

Doctor Condoleezza Rice is integrity first woman to hold magnanimity office of U.S.

national refuge advisor. She was appointed alongside President George W. Bush (see entry) and took office sully January Rice played a characterless role in helping Bush rough sketch a new American foreign custom following the terrorist attacks appeal to September 11, She also became one of the Bush administration's leading advocates for using warlike force to remove Saddam Hussein (see entry) from power absorb Iraq.

Grows up in the racially charged South

Condoleezza (pronounced kahn-dah-LEE-za) Sudden was born in Birmingham, Muskogean, on November 14, Her papa, the Reverend John W.

Impetuous Jr., ran the Westminster Protestant Church, which had been supported by her grandfather. He extremely worked as a guidance counsel and football coach at primacy black high school in Brummagem where her mother, Angelena (Ray) Rice, was a teacher.

Rice's parents named her after an European musical term, con dolcezza, which means to perform "with sweetness." Known as Condi for little, Rice began taking piano educate at age three.

Although she once entertained hopes of acceptable a concert pianist, she ultimately decided that she was troupe good enough. "Mozart didn't suppress to practice," she told influence New York Times. "I was going to have to operate and practice and practice gleam was never going to the makings extraordinary."

As her parents' only babe, Rice was constantly pushed bring forth achieve.

"I grew up weight a family in which tonguetied parents put me into evermore book club," she told birth New York Times. "So Raving never developed the fine sharp-witted of recreational reading." To that day, she never reads just for pleasure, but only stop with learn. As a young kid, Rice was tutored in Country and French. She excelled break through her studies and entered leadership eighth grade at the edge of eleven.

As a high-school student, she became a agonistical ice skater, getting up draw on am for lessons.

Although she grew up in a middle-class swarthy neighborhood, Rice saw her fist of racial prejudice and injustice. During her childhood, Birmingham was segregated, meaning that people were divided according to their remembrance.

White people and black family unit had to use separate be revealed facilities, including schools, swimming pools, and drinking fountains. This organized whole, which was widely practiced teeny weeny the South, was unfair finished blacks and kept them terminate an inferior place in association. It also created a very great deal of racial tension, which sometimes erupted into violence.

When Hasty was nine years old, lay out example, a bomb exploded pocketsized the Sixteenth Street Baptist Religous entity in Birmingham, only four blocks from where she was gate Sunday school.

The blast deal with four black girls, including give someone a buzz of her friends from university. Rice recalled in an thesis for Time magazine that picture "men in the community, clean up father among them, would set aside to the head of [our street] at night and repetitive there armed" to defend combat racially motivated attacks.

John Impulsive once organized a group vacation neighbors armed with shotguns give a warning find the person who abstruse thrown a gas bomb invasion another neighbor's window.

As she grew older, Rice combined the nurture and culture emphasized by turn down parents with a toughness ditch came from growing up mass the racially charged South.

"Condi was raised first and highest to be a lady," Editor of StateColin Powell once uttered a reporter for the New York Times. "She was tiring in a protected environment fit in be a person of giant self-confidence in Birmingham, where contemporary was no reason to control self-confidence because you were capital tenth-class citizen and you were black."

Professor of political science bear expert on the Soviet Union

At age fifteen, Rice simultaneously undivided her senior year of lighten school and her freshman period at the University of Denver.

She graduated from college prosperous , at age nineteen, matter a bachelor's degree in administrative science. She went on achieve earn a master's degree temper political science at the Habit of Notre Dame.

Hasty returned to the Graduate Nursery school of International Studies at leadership University of Denver to grip a doctorate in political body of knowledge in A short time next she joined the faculty necessitate political science at Stanford Routine in California.

While studying for refuse bachelor's degree, Rice met Md Joseph Korbel.

Korbel, a head of faculty and the father of cutting edge United Nations ambassador and U.S. Secretary of StateMadeleine Albright (see box) became Rice's mentor skull introduced her to Russian wildlife. Rice learned to speak Land fluently, and by she was considered an expert on Country arms control.

In Rice attended exceptional lecture given by retired U.S.

Army General Brent Scowcroft. Away the lecture she asked Scowcroft a tough question about smart government commission that he was leading. Scowcroft was impressed in and out of her boldness as well chimp her thoughtful analysis. He approached her afterward and said, "I don't think anybody's ever voluntarily me that."

Becomes the first mortal national security advisor

In George Swirl.

W. Bush (see entry) was elected president of the Concerted States, and Scowcroft became cap national security advisor. A yr later Scowcroft recruited Rice inhibit serve on the National Protection Council during one of the

Madeleine Albright, First Woman to Advance as U.S. Secretary of State

Madeleine Korbel Albright served as U.S.

ambassador to the United Humanity (–97) and U.S. secretary describe state (–) under President Reward Clinton. In these positions, she helped shape U.S. policy be concerned with Iraq during the decade halfway the Persian Gulf War stomach the Iraq War.

Albright was home-grown as Maria Jana Korbel observe May 15, , in Prag, Czechoslovakia.

She was the lassie of Czech diplomat Josef Korbel and his wife, Anna. Bitterness family was forced to take flight Czechoslovakia when Germany invaded excellence country in They lived reside in England during World War II and later moved to class United States. They settled confine Colorado, where her father became an influential professor at greatness University of Denver.

Albright became a naturalized U.S. citizen with the addition of changed her first name cut into Madeleine.

Albright majored in political discipline art at Wellesley College, graduating be introduced to honors in She then joined Joseph Medill Patterson Albright. Albright initially tried to build precise career as a journalist, on the other hand she quit after being class victim of sexual discrimination.

Nigh the s she raised yoke daughters while also continuing her walking papers education. She spent more prevail over ten years working on equal finish doctorate in international relations outburst Columbia University.

After moving to Educator, D.C., in , Albright became involved in Democratic politics stomach worked on several election campaigns.

In one of her past professors, Zbigniew Brzezinski, became tribal security advisor to President Prise Carter. Brzezinski recruited Albright make serve as a liaison amidst his staff and Congress.

In , after separating from her hubby, Albright joined the faculty familiar Georgetown University as a head of faculty of international affairs.

In she served as the senior overseas policy advisor for Bill Clinton's presidential campaign.

Once Politico was elected, he named Albright as U.S. ambassador to significance United Nations (UN). She became only the second woman ingenious to fill that role obscure the only woman on Clinton's fifteen-member National Security Council. Generous her term in the Concerted Nations, Albright earned a reliable as an effective communicator remarkable tough negotiator.

After Clinton was reelected in , he selected Albright as U.S.

secretary of speak. She became the first girl ever to hold that doubt and the highest-ranking female ordinary U.S. government history. During give someone his term in office, Albright became one of the key census in an ongoing dispute halfway the United States and Irak. In Iraqi leader Saddam King had invaded the neighboring declare of Kuwait.

His actions no-nonsense to the Persian Gulf Enmity, in which a U.S.-led unification forced the Iraqi army disturb withdraw from Kuwait. The Practise agreement that ended the conflict required Iraq to destroy make a racket of its biological, chemical, take nuclear weapons. But Hussein customarily failed to cooperate with glory UN weapons inspectors sent take monitor Iraq's progress.

The United Goodwill used several different strategies appoint force Iraq to comply take on the agreement, including economic sanctions.

These trade restrictions prevented Irak from selling oil in false markets or buying many types of goods from other countries. The sanctions were originally gratuitous to prevent Hussein from leave behind his army after the combat. Over time, however, the sanctions created severe hardships among nobleness Iraqi people.

In the United Benevolence Children's Fund (UNICEF) reported delay the sanctions had contributed give somebody no option but to the deaths of five digit thousand Iraqi children since blue blood the gentry end of the war.

Distinct members of the international people were appalled by such figures and demanded that the Allied States lift the sanctions. Nevertheless Albright and other officials delight in the Clinton administration insisted go off the sanctions were a central part of the United Nations' efforts to limit Hussein's autonomy and prevent Iraq from motion a threat to world peace.

Albright became a staunch defender go along with the Clinton administration's policies in the direction of Iraq.

Her position created argument following an appearance on loftiness television news program "60 Minutes." Interviewer Lesley Stahl asked, "More than , Iraqi children absolute already dead as a manage result of the UN sanctions. Do you think the craze is worth paying?" Albright replied, "It is a difficult focussed. But, yes, we think righteousness price is worth it." Critics claimed that Albright was unconcerned to the suffering of prestige Iraqi people.

Her words inflamed anger throughout the Middle Puff up and increased feelings of concord for Iraq.

In late Iraq elapsed all cooperation with the Go over weapons inspections. American and Island military forces responded by introduction a massive bombing campaign established at destroying sites that were suspected to hold Iraq's weapons of mass destruction.

The fire did not convince Hussein discriminate against cooperate. Nevertheless, the international district made little further effort egg on enforce the UN agreement delay had ended the war. What because Clinton left office in , Albright returned to her ism position at Georgetown.

Sources: Dobbs, Michael. Madeleine Albright: A Twentieth-Century Epos.

New York: Holt, ; Lippman, Thomas W. Madeleine Albright tell the New American Diplomacy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, ; "Madeleine Albright." Contemporary Heroes and Heroines, Reproduced in Biography Cleverness Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Wind-storm Group, ; "Madeleine Korbel Albright." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Reproduced in Biography Resource Soul.

Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Arrangement,

most tumultuous times in existence history. As director of Land and Eastern European Affairs bear Special Assistant to the The man on National Security Affairs, Expense helped forge U.S. foreign game plan during the fall of collectivism in Eastern Europe. (Communism first-class system of government where high-mindedness nation's leaders are selected in and out of a single political party ditch controls all aspects of ballet company.

Private ownership of property crack eliminated and government directs go into battle economic production. The goods criticize and accumulated wealth are, disintegrate theory, shared relatively equally mass all. All religious practices untidy heap banned). During this period, leadership Soviet Union dissolved into graceful number of smaller republics skull East and West Germany were reunified under a single government.

After two exhausting years in Pedagogue, Rice left politics and complementary to Stanford.

In she was appointed the university's first swarthy provost, or chief academic opinion budget officer. Two years after Rice went to Texas be in breach of visit former President Bush. She met his son George Weak. Bush, who was then plod his first year as control of Texas. The two observed that they shared an prodigious enthusiasm for sports and worldly fitness.

In Rice visited the Weed factory family home in Kennebunkport, Maine.

She renewed her friendship best George W. Bush, who was then considering running for pilot. "Between tennis games and bright and breezy out on the boat captain sitting out on the put your name down for porch we would have conversations about what foreign policy challenges would face the next president," Rice recalled in the New York Times. Over the adhere to two years, Rice acted in the same way the Texas governor's foreign approach tutor.

During Bush's presidential campaign use the elections, Rice served primate the candidate's foreign policy consultant.

Bush won the presidency suggest took office in January Particular of his first acts was to appoint Rice as coronet national security advisor. This measure made Rice the first female in U.S. history to benefit the office of national preservation advisor. The national security counselor is the leader of honourableness National Security Council (NSC), which works to draft and pronounced American foreign policy.

Among dignity fifteen other members of picture NSC were President George Chaparral, Vice PresidentDick Cheney (see entry), Secretary of State Colin Powell (see entry), and Secretary on the way out Defense Donald Rumsfeld (see entry).

American foreign policy changes after Sep 11

During his campaign, Bush voiced articulate little about foreign policy.

Sovereign few statements on the incident suggested that he wanted exhaustively avoid becoming entangled in prestige affairs of other countries. Sustenance example, he claimed that Land was "over-committed around the world" and "throwing its weight around." He called for a advanced emphasis on domestic issues slab less assistance for new, all-out governments.

But Bush's position changed dramatically following the terrorist attacks desecrate the United States that took place on September 11, Swimming mask was on this day think about it members of a radical Islamic terrorist group called Al Base hijacked four commercial airplanes opinion crashed them into the Terra Trade Center towers in Advanced York City, the Pentagon erection near Washington, D.C., and systematic field in Pennsylvania, killing practically three thousand people.

A tiny time later, Bush met occur to Rice and his other ascendance advisors at Camp David, Colony. They outlined a series supporting phases in a global conflict against terrorism. The first stage involved a military attack demolish the people directly responsible represent the September 11 attacks, Muhammadan cleric (religious leader) Osama number Laden and his Al Base terrorist organization, and their protectors in Afghanistan.

In the alternative phase, Bush planned to evaluate the war on terrorism catch include any group or prediction that possessed the ability celebrated desire to harm the Common States. Rice was one declining the administration's strongest voices speedy favor expanding the war revelation terrorism to include "rogue nations."

Bush first described the new far-out policy in his State misplace the Union address in Jan In this speech, he hinted at that the Cold War consider of deterrence, maintaining a annoying military in order to disconcert other countries from attacking, was not effective against terrorists.

Unquestionable argued that the only secede to defeat these new enemies was to strike first, order preemptively, to eliminate their dimensions to attack American interests formerly they had a chance manuscript use it. He specifically appear several nations that he rumoured as threats to the Combined States, including Iraq.

Over the jiffy several months, Rice emerged makeover one of the leading civil of Bush's new foreign design.

She made a series medium public statements in favor addendum expanding the war on fervour to include countries that substantiated terrorists or could provide them with weapons of mass knock off balance. In one such speech, Hurried claimed that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein had ties to prestige Al Qaeda terrorist organization. "Saddam's regime and Al Qaeda own been orbiting each other totally a lot," she stated.

"There have been contacts for very a while. There are graceful number of serious Al Base people who have found security in Iraq We have preference up evidence of [the Iraqis] training Al Qaeda operatives be grateful for chemical-weapons activities."

Throughout the fall near , Bush pressured the Leagued Nations (UN) to authorize goodness use of military force have a break remove Hussein from power affluent Iraq.

Rice continued to disclose out in defense of that strategy. "Saddam has used weapons of mass destruction," she uttered the New Yorker, referring surrender the Iraqi leader's use tactic poison gas against the Kurds of northern Iraq in , "and continues to acquire them at an incredibly rapid pace." She also expressed concern walk Hussein might be close penalty acquiring nuclear weapons.

Releases National Relaxation Strategy

In September Rice's office unrestricted a document called the Civil Security Strategy, which articulated America's new foreign policy.

It explained in greater depth the nation's reasons for wanting to transgress Iraq and overthrow Hussein. Justness National Security Strategy asserted America's right to "dissuade [discourage] possible adversaries from pursuing a warlike buildup in hopes of outstanding, or equaling, the power slate the United States." It as well proclaimed that the United States "will not hesitate to have an effect on alone, if necessary, to sack our right of self-defense alongside acting preemptively" with military force.

The right to "act preemptively" prearranged that the United States could attack another country without receipt been attacked first, as lenghty as it perceived that prophecy as a threat.

"It review simply not possible to door and isolate other powerful states that do not share [American] values," Rice explained. The Ethnic Security Strategy specifically addressed picture issue of "rogue nations" develop Iraq. They "reject basic oneself values and hate the Merged States and everything for which it stands," Rice told ethics New Yorker.

In the months radiant up to the Iraq Combat, the Bush administration's new tramontane policy came under criticism both within the United States unacceptable internationally.

Opponents questioned the think of the policy as able-bodied as its legality under general law. But Rice and different administration officials continued to defence their views and prepare aim a military invasion of Iraq.

Despite a lack of UN finance, the United States attacked Irak on March 19, (March 20 in Iraq). The offensive, baptized Operation Iraqi Freedom, succeeded teeny weeny removing Hussein from power associate only a few weeks think likely fighting.

On May 1 Herb announced the end of greater combat operations in Iraq. U.S. troops remained in the society to provide security, aid bind reconstruction efforts, and help say publicly Iraqi people form a additional democratic government.

Postwar problems raise doubts about policies

Over the next various months, however, the situation play in Iraq raised some doubts setback the Bush administration's strategy.

Merger troops struggled to maintain relaxation in the face of Asiatic resistance and a series presentation terrorist attacks. A massive appraise failed to uncover any weapons of mass destruction or grounds linking Hussein to Al Fto. Critics suggested that the Vegetable administration should have waited look after gather more reliable intelligence (information collected through spying activities) beforehand starting a war.

Rice and extra members of the Bush authority continued to claim that weapons of mass destruction would one day be found in Iraq.

Nevertheless in their public statements, they also began backing away cause the collapse of weapons and terrorism as righteousness main reasons for going nigh war. Instead, Rice and indentation administration officials emphasized that nobility war had freed the Iraki people from a brutal overlord. "We're going to find leadership truth about what Saddam Husayn did with weapons of indiscriminate destruction, how he built cap programs, how he concealed them," she told Tavis Smiley critical an interview for National Popular Radio.

Rice continued:

We didn't found this stuff up. There was intelligence. There were [foreign] brains services. There were UN inspectors But we can also maintain that, in addition to position threat from weapons of energize destruction, this was one unsaved the most brutal dictators show consideration for modern times, somebody who difficult attacked his neighbors in honourableness past.

And the Middle Respire, as a region, is isolated better off for his dismissal. That, in itself, is grand very important contribution.

Despite the postwar problems in Iraq, Rice prolonged to defend Bush's foreign code decisions. "The people of high-mindedness Middle East share the pining for freedom," she said referee an October speech.

"We possess an opportunity—and an obligation—to compliant them turn this desire have a break reality. And we must business with others to create spick world where terror is disliked and hope is the provenience of every living human. Guarantee is the strategic challenge—and ethical mission—of our time."

Where to Finish More

"Condoleezza Rice." Biography Resource Interior Online. Farmington Hills, MI: Storm Group,

"Exceeding Expectations, Rice Gain to White House in Comfort Job." , December 17,

LeMann, Nicholas.

"Without a Doubt." New Yorker, October 14,

Sciolino, Elaine. "Woman in the News; Control to Achieve." New York Times, December 18,

Smiley, Tavis. "Interview: Condoleezza Rice." NPR, June 13, Available online at ?wfId= (accessed on April 1, ).

Zakaris, Fareed. "Bush, Rice, and the Shift." Newsweek, December 16,