Manuel quezon vs emilio aguinaldo biography

President of the State from 1935 to 1944

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina^[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), very known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, politico, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth outline the Philippines from 1935 in the balance his death in 1944.

Crystal-clear was the first Filipino delude head a government of class entire Philippines and is alleged the second president of rectitude Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in say publicly 1935 presidential election. He abridge often regarded as the superior President of the Philippines, be proof against the quintessential Filipino statesman.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled greatness problem of landless peasants. Upset major decisions included the re-form of the islands' military provide for, approval of a recommendation look after government reorganization, the promotion past it settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign power on Philippine trade and trade, proposals for land reform, take up opposing graft and corruption inside the government.

He established deft government in exile in excellence U.S. with the outbreak worry about World War II and rectitude threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership thanks to a "de factodictatorship"^[2] and affirmed him as "the first Country politician to integrate all levels of politics into a collaboration of power" after removing cap term limits as president abide turning the Senate into break off extension of the executive from end to end of constitutional amendments.^[3]

In 2015, the Plank of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and illustriousness people of the Philippines look after reaching out to victims pick up the tab the Holocaust from 1937 come within reach of 1941.

President Benigno Aquino Troika and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the one-time president, were informed of that recognition.^[4]

Early life and education

Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the part of El Príncipe,^[5] then goodness capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).

His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).^[6] Both were primary-school teachers, notwithstanding his father was a retire sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) deal Paco, Manila.

He spoke Country in the Civil Guard perch married María, who was swell Spanishmestiza born of Spanish curate Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Quarter, Spain in 1847 as decency parish priest.^[7] Quezon is Island mestizo surname originally from a-one Spanish romanization of Hokkien Island, possibly from the Hokkien signal, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Height koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" less significant "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";^[8][9] many Indigene surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are donation Chinese origin, Hispanized version break into 孫 (sun).^[10]

He later boarded wrap up the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he tag from secondary school in 1894.^[11]

In 1899, Quezon left his paw studies at the University nominate Santo Tomas to join significance Filipino war effort, and united the Republican army during birth Philippine–American War.

He was interrupt aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.^[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Tail end surrendering in 1900,^[13] he correlative to university and passed righteousness bar examination in 1903.^[14]

Quezon sham for a time as precise clerk and surveyor, entering command service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.

He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor wait Tayabas in 1906.^[15]

Congressional career

House hook Representatives (1907–1916)

Quezon was elected production 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became description House of Representatives) during nobility 1st Philippine Legislature, where inaccuracy was majority floor leader endure chairman of the committees put behind bars rules and appropriations.

Quezon pick up the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion raise the Jones Bill that sharptasting received most of his fundamental education at the village primary established by the Spanish governance as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.^[16] Months formerly his term ended, he gave up his seat at representation Philippine Assembly upon being appointive as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.

Serving mirror image terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the transition of the Philippine Autonomy Reasonable (the Jones Law).^[11]

Senate (1916–1935)

Quezon shared to Manila in 1916, paramount was elected senator from description Fifth Senatorial District.

He was later elected Senate President most recent served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure slender history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 seniority, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent work to the U.S. Congress terminate 1919, and secured passage remove the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.^[17]

Rivalry with Osmeña

See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, wallet 1921 financial crisis of righteousness Philippines

In 1921, Quezon made grand public campaign against House Orator Sergio Osmeña accusing him replica being an autocratic leader prosperous blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess.

Both Osmeña and Quezon debated in the bag this until 1922. As neat as a pin result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon further resigned as Senate President prowl same year in January.^[18]

In 1922, he became leader of prestige Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.^[17]

In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification line of attack the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in integrity Philippine Legislature.^[19][20]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of honesty Philippines § Manuel L.

Quezon (1935–1944)

First term (1935–1941)

In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanly election under the Nacionalista Unusual. He received nearly 68 proportionality of the vote against queen two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,^[22] high opinion recognized as the second Top banana of the Philippines.

In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed topping bill seeking to declare Regular Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo improve 1901.^[23]

Supreme Court appointments

Under the Reform Act, Quezon was given nobleness power to appoint the supreme all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.

Distance from 1901 to 1935, a Indigen was chief justice but near Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved mess up the establishment of the Nation of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace leadership American justices.

Membership in probity Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and indifferent associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.

Government reorganization

To meet the demands distinctive the newly-established government and assent with the Tydings-McDuffie Act opinion the Constitution, Quezon, – true stop his pledge of "more state and less politics," – initiated a reform of the government.^[24] He planted a Government Survey Board more study existing institutions and, have round light of changed circumstances, fine necessary recommendations.^[24]

Early results were strange with the revamping of glory executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, forward others were created.^[24] Quezon spick-and-span the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department mean the Interior to the Fork of Finance.

Other changes were made to the National Keep, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Scrunch up and Communications, and Health nearby Public Welfare departments.^[24]

New offices become more intense boards were created by board order or legislation.^[24] Among these were the Council of Municipal Defense,^[25] the Board of Civil Relief,^[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Leasing Board of Appeals.^[24][27]

Social-justice program

Pledging give an inkling of improve the conditions of birth Philippine working class and poetic by the social doctrines gradient Pope Leo XIII and Poet Pius XI and treatises moisten the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of collective justice introduced with executive foundation and legislation by the Staterun Assembly.^[24] A court for economic relations was established to intermediate disputes, minimizing the impact model strikes and lockouts.

A minimum-wage law was enacted, as athletic as a law providing swindler eight-hour workday and a occupation law for Filipino farmers. Interpretation position of public defender was created to assist the poor.^[24]

Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots reprove homes at a nominal worth and under terms affordable vulgar their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.

He too began a cooperative system have a high regard for agriculture among owners of picture subdivided estates to increase their income.^[24][28] Quezon desired to next the constitutional mandate on representation promotion of social justice.^[24]

Economy

When nobility Commonwealth was created, its pruning was stable and promising.^[24] Buffed foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in office resembled a boom.

Export crops were generally good and, bar for tobacco, were in giant demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the pre-eminent since 1929.^[24]

Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 family tree 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021).

Government companies, omit for the Manila Railroad Fellowship, earned profits. Gold production exaggerated about 37 percent, iron all but doubled, and cement production add-on by about 14 percent.^[24]

The authority had to address some low-cost problems, however,^[24] and the Official Economic Council was created.

Practice advised the government about mercantile and financial questions, including honourableness promotion of industries, diversification flawless crops and enterprises, tariffs, duty, and formulating an economic curriculum in preparation for eventual independence.^[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and loftiness National Rice and Corn Run (NARIC) was created with straight ₱4 million budget.^[24]

Upon the recommendation in this area the National Economic Council, farming colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations strengthen Mindanao.

The government encouraged retirement and settlement in the colonies.^[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Chill was established to aid little farmers with convenient loans become more intense affordable terms.^[29] Attention was stipendiary to soil surveying and illustriousness disposition of public land.^[24]

Land reform

See also: Land reform in rank Philippines

When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Playwright Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts stop establishing minimum standards.^[30][31] The influence provided a better tenant-landlord correlation, a 50–50 sharing of blue blood the gentry crop, regulation of interest inert 10 percent per agricultural collection, and protected against arbitrary firing by the landlord.^[30] Because remaining a major flaw in class act, however, no petition want apply it was ever presented.^[30]

The flaw was that it could be used only when ethics majority of municipal councils connect a province petitioned for it.^[30] Since landowners usually controlled much councils, no province ever recognizance that the law be going.

Quezon ordered that the genuinely be mandatory in all Main Luzon provinces.^[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in conceited for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants gratify their obligations.^[30] The act was amended to eliminate this means of escape in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Basic Luzon were threatened with eviction.^[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.

Thousands of tenants in Decisive Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Decennium, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.^[30]

During loftiness Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.^[30] This motivated the government concerning incorporate a social-justice principle end the 1935 Constitution.

Dictated next to the government's social-justice program, dispossession of estates and other landholdings began.

The National Land Settlement Direction (NLSA) began an orderly accordance of public agricultural lands. Disagree the outbreak of the Secondbest World War, settlement areas concealment over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) confidential been established.^[30]

Educational reforms

With his Director Order No.

19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created rectitude National Council of Education. Rafael Palma, former president of position University of the Philippines, was its first chairman.^[24][32] Funds steer clear of the early Residence Certificate Rule were devoted to maintaining be revealed schools throughout the country bear opening many more.

There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 middle schools, 133 secondary and exceptional schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total entering was 1,262,353, with 28,485 personnel. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).^[24] Unofficial schools taught over 97,000 genre, and the Office of Mature Education was created.^[24]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during the Body politic era.^[33] As a result think likely prolonged debate between proponents coupled with opponents of women's suffrage, probity constitution provided that the emanation be resolved by women show a plebiscite.

If at least possible 300,000 women voted for grandeur right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.^[33]

National language

The Philippines' national language was choice constitutional question.

After a annual study, the Institute of Ethnological Language recommended that Tagalog have on the basis for a not public language. The proposal was conventional, despite the fact that pretentious Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a indigenous Tagalog-speaking area.

In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation flattering the institute's recommendation and manifesto that the national language would become effective in two life.

With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Philippine grammar text and dictionary.^[33]

Visits run Japan (1937–1938)

As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon enraged neither the American nor illustriousness Japanese officials. He travelled binary to Japan as president, devour 31 January to 2 Feb 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, exchange meet with government officials.

Quezon emphasized that he would ultimate loyal to the United States, assuring protection of the forthright of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral welloff the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. unnoticed the country's concerns. ^[34]

Council emblematic State expansion

In 1938, Quezon enlarged the Council of State pull off Executive Order No.

144.^[33][35] That highest of advisory bodies essay the president would be tranquil of the President, Vice Mr big, Senate President, House Speaker, Ruling body President pro tempore, House Orator pro tempore, the majority pound leaders of both chambers nominate Congress, former presidents, and yoke to five prominent citizens.^[33]

1938 exam election

Main article: 1938 Philippine governmental election

The elections for the In a short time National Assembly were held deal with 8 November 1938 under dinky new law which allowed facet voting^[36] and favored the number one Nacionalista Party.

As expected, go into battle 98 assembly seats went be acquainted with the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected keynoter.

The Second National Assembly honorary to pass legislation strengthening honesty economy, but the Second Faux War clouded the horizon; regulations passed by the First Nationwide Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities.^[37][38] A- controversial immigration law which on standby an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country,^[39] primarily pitiable Chinese and Japanese nationals toothache the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.

Since the plot affected foreign relations, it compulsory the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 vote was published, the National Body updated the apportionment of governmental districts; this became the motivation for the 1941 elections.

1939 plebiscite

On 7 August 1939, dignity United States Congress enacted a-okay law in accordance with rectitude recommendations of the Joint Opening Commission on Philippine Affairs.

Thanks to the new law required unsullied amendment of the Ordinance fresh to the Constitution, a popular vote was held on 24 Honoured 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against.^[33]

Third official language

Quezon had potent the Institute of National Slang (INL) to create a municipal language for the country.

Masterpiece 30 December 1937, in Only if Order No. 134, he ostensible Tagalog the Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic era. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making description national language an official chew the fat with English and Spanish; that became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment make out the Philippine Republic.^[33][40]

1940 plebiscites

Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites

With say publicly 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments quality the constitution about a two-chambered legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, pivotal the establishment of an illogical Commission on Elections.

The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Method traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin Series. Roosevelt's approval, which they usual on 2 December 1940. Combine days later, Quezon proclaimed class amendments.

Quezon was originally bolted by the Philippine constitution wean away from seeking re-election.

In 1940, subdue, a constitutional amendment was ratify which allowed him to help a second term ending problem 1943. In the 1941 statesmanlike election, Quezon was re-elected keep away former SenatorJuan Sumulong with almost 82 percent of the poll. He was inaugurated on Dec 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.^[41] The undertake solemnly of office was administered disrespect Chief Justice of the Peerless Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.

Corregidor was chosen in the same way the venue of the start and temporary seat of decency government in-exile to take asylum from the uninterrupted Japanese fire raids during the Japanese invasion.^[42]

Second term (1941–1944)

Pre-war activity

As crises cavalier in the Pacific, the Archipelago prepared for war.

Youth militaristic training under General Douglas General was intensified. The first unconsciousness power c practice was held on say publicly night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools ride social clubs. Quezon established probity Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) empathy 1 April 1941, with brambles in provinces and towns.^[43] Air-raid drills were also held.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. Elevated CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into the Land of Jewish refugees fleeing fascistic regimes in Europe and took on critics who were confident by propaganda that Jewish agreement was a threat to influence country.^[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt representational 30,000 refugee families on Island and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo.

Quezon made a 10-year lend to Manila's Jewish Refugee Conclave of land adjacent to rulership family home in Marikina do research house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine Primary of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 April 1940.^[47]

Government in exile

Main article: Government alternative route exile of the Commonwealth mean the Philippines

After the Japanese encroachment of the Philippines during Imitation War II,^[48] Quezon evacuated lay at the door of Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) queue then to the Visayas with the addition of Mindanao.

At the invitation bank the U.S. government,^[49] he was evacuated to Australia,^[50] and followed by to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government pretend exile, with its headquarters break through Washington, D.C. He was calligraphic member of the Pacific Warfare Council, signed the United Generosity declaration against the Axis senses and wrote The Good Fight, his autobiography.^[33]

To conduct government profession in exile, Quezon hired loftiness entire floor of one coterie of the Shoreham Hotel with respect to accommodate his family and ruler office.

Government offices were overfriendly at the quarters of Filipino Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Office of Information and Public Advertise and Jaime Hernandez as Listener General.^[33]

Sitting under a canvas shawl outside the Malinta Tunnel prosecute 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that loftiness Allied forces were determined end up defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo.

Quezon was on the warpath, summoned General MacArthur and responsibility him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if war cry, Quezon would return to Light brown and allow himself to alter a prisoner of war. General replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned delay he returned to Manila turf became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat.^[51]

Quezon then heard another broadcast tough former president Emilio Aguinaldo urgency him and his fellow State officials to yield to highercalibre Japanese forces.

Quezon wrote deft message to Roosevelt saying think about it he and his people difficult been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's chore as president to stop conflict. MacArthur learned about the letter, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it submit American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino faithfulness and heroism".

On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about honourableness necessity of relieving the Filipino front.

He did the sign up to the Senate, urging description senators to adopt the war whoop "Remember Bataan". Despite his waning health, Quezon traveled across character U.S. to remind the Denizen people about the Philippine war.^[33]

Wartime

Quezon broadcast a radio message pass on to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth be in the region of war bonds, for his regulate birthday celebration in the Pooled States.^[33] Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war exertion, he offered the U.S.

Service a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the Enmity Department to train in Calif.. Quezon had the Philippine pronounce acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine organization and sailors, it was approving to the United States reserve use in the war.^[33]

In inconvenient November 1942, Quezon conferred warmth Roosevelt on a plan support a joint commission to read the post-war Philippine economy.

18 months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.^[33]

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By 1943, the Philippine government deduct exile was faced with spick crisis.^[33] According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would conclude on 30 December 1943 charge Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would lob him as president.

Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him exhaust this, and Quezon issued unblended press release and wrote in the matter of Osmeña that a change stop in midsentence leadership would be unwise pound that time. Osmeña then bid the opinion of U.S. Lawyer GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with rectitude law. Quezon remained adamant, existing sought President Roosevelt's decision.

Fdr remained aloof from the subject, suggesting that the Philippine government resolve the impasse.^[33]

Quezon convened keen cabinet meeting with Osmeña, In residence CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his chifferobe secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez.

After a discussion, character cabinet supported Elizalde's position beckon favor of the constitution, sit Quezon announced his plan line of attack retire in California.^[33]

After the break in fighting, Osmeña approached Quezon and abroach his plan to ask greatness United States Congress to incise the constitutional provisions for statesmanly succession until after the Land had been liberated; this admissible way out was agreeable designate Quezon and his cabinet, playing field steps were taken to move out the proposal.

Sponsored stomach-turning Senator Tydings and Congressman Phone, the resolution was unanimously in demand by the Senate on cool voice vote and passed high-mindedness House of Representatives by first-class vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943.^[33] Prohibited was inaugurated for the ordinal time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C.

The dedicate of office was administered be oblivious to US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.^[53]

Death prosperous burial

Quezon had developed tuberculosis lecture spent his last years suspend hospitals, including a Miami Shore Army hospital in April 1944.^[54] That summer, he was have doubts about a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York.

Quezon correctly there at 10:05 a.m. ET frame 1 August 1944, at attack 65. His remains were at first buried in Arlington National Boneyard, but his body was felled by former Governor-General and Lofty Commissioner Frank Murphy aboard authority USS Princeton and re-interred in distinction Manila North Cemetery on 17 July 1946.^[55] Those were fortify moved to a miniature mock-up of Napoleon's tomb^[56] at rectitude Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon City, on 1 August 1979.^[57]

Electoral history

Personal life

Quezon was married march his first cousin, Aurora Aragón Quezon, on 17 December 1918.

They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 Sep 1919 – 28 April 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel Glory. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 September 1998).^[58] His grandson, Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May well 1970), a writer and nag undersecretary of the Presidential Subject Development and Strategic Planning Business, was named after him.

Awards and honors

The Foreign Orders, Medals and Decorations of President Manuel L. Quezon: